What are they?
Tektites are natural glass objects primarily composed of silica. Tektites found on Earth are formed by large asteroidal or cometary impact with the Earth. Energy from the impact melts terrestrial rock and ejects it into the upper reaches of the atmosphere. A few minutes later tektites rain down. The final morphologies are largely dependent on the distance from the source crater and the degree of terrestrial weathering/etching.
How do they form?
1) A comet or asteroid impacts the Earth, probably at an oblique angle.
2) Terrestrial (Earth) rock is melted and ejected into the upper atmosphere at hyper-velocities.
3) Tektites rain down.
a) If close to the source they land molten or with just a thin brittle outer shell which may crack. Bald spots form due to flaking on the anterior surface.
b) At medium distances of around 2000 to 4000 km from the impact site they have solidified sufficiently on the exterior that during re-entry the heating causes paper-thin cracks and spalling on the anterior surface.
c) At greater distances of around 4000 km to 6000km the tektites re-enter the atmosphere solid. They melt, producing buttons and commonly spall, producing cores.
4) In the soil tektites are naturally etched, enlarging any paper-thin cracks. U-grooves form on the anterior and V-grooves form on the posterior.